张仲景五脏元真通畅思维探讨

五脏元真通畅之"五脏"代表整个机体,"元真"为正气之代称,"通畅"为正气流通、畅行无阻。五脏元真通畅可理解为人体正气充沛且顺畅。正气通畅为健康的基本前提,正虚或邪阻所致的元真不畅为发病的基本原理,疾病是"元真不畅"的结果。在临证诊察疾病时,要明确脏腑或经络、血脉等何者不畅,审查不畅之因,从而完成对疾病的精确诊断。在临床诊治中,应根据元真不畅的具体原因,随证治之,虚者补之使通,实者攻之使通。通畅元真的方法,应根据正邪双方的状态而定,或扶正为主、或祛邪为主、或扶正祛邪兼顾。方因法立,治法之总目的在于恢复五脏元真通畅,因此,组方之药需具能动之性,即使补虚,亦不可呆补,应补而兼通。除了用药以外,还应适应病证需要,做好药后护理。五脏元真通畅思维可以看作是仲景临证诊疗疾病的核心思维。     

Natural course of keratoacanthoma and related lesions after partial biopsy: Clinical analysis of 66 lesions

There is some confusion regarding the classification of keratoacanthoma (KA) and related lesions that have crateriform architecture. We examined the clinical courses of 66 KA lesions and related lesions after a partial biopsy to clarify the nosological concept of KA. We histopathologically classified these lesions into five types: (i) KA at various stages (53 lesions); (ii) KA‐like squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (3 lesions); (iii) KA with malignant transformation (3 lesions); (iv) infundibular SCC (5 lesions); and (v) crateriform SCC arising from solar keratosis (2 lesions). We analyzed the clinical course in each group. The regression rate of KA was 98.1% and that of KA‐like SCC/KA with malignant transformation was 33.3%. No regression was observed in either infundibular SCC or crateriform SCC arising from solar keratosis. Thus, KA is a distinct entity that should be distinguished from other types of SCC with crateriform architecture based on the high frequency of regression. The regression rate of 33.3% in KA‐like SCC/KA with malignant transformation indicated that KA lesions with an SCC component still have the potential for regression. However, this result also indicated that KA is biologically unstable, and some KA tend to evolve into conventional SCC with a gradual loss of the capacity for the spontaneous regression. Infundibular SCC and crateriform SCC arising from solar keratosis are fundamentally different from KA, not only according to the histopathological findings but also based on the biological properties.     

中药分析教学中学生学习动机培养模式研究

《中医药人才发展“十三五”规划》提出,培养适应中药产业发展和中药研发的中药专业人才。在中药分析教学过程中,针对课程知识结构体系的特点,坚持“教学有法,但无定法”的方针,激发学生的学习动机,提高学生“学以致用”“研以致用”的能力。     

Loneliness and social isolation among young and late middle-age adults: Associations with personal networks and social participation

Objective: Associations between social networks and loneliness or social isolation are well established among older adults. Yet, limited research examines personal networks and participation on perceived loneliness and social isolation as distinct experiences among younger adults. Accordingly, we explore relationships among objective and subjective measures of personal networks with loneliness and isolation, comparing a younger and older cohort.

Methods: The UC Berkeley Social Networks Study offers unique cohort data on young (21–30 years old, n = 472) and late middle-age adults’ (50–70 years old, n = 637) personal network characteristics, social participation, network satisfaction, relationship status, and days lonely and isolated via online survey or in-person interview. Negative binomial regression models were used to examine associations between social network characteristics, loneliness, and isolation by age group.

Results: Young adults reported twice as many days lonely and isolated than late middle-age adults, despite, paradoxically, having larger networks. For young adults, informal social participation and weekly religious attendance were associated with fewer days isolated. Among late middle-age adults, number of close kin and relationship status were associated with loneliness. Network satisfaction was associated with fewer days lonely or isolated among both age groups.

Conclusion: Distinct network characteristics were associated with either loneliness or isolation for each cohort, suggesting network factors are independently associated with each outcome, and may fluctuate over time. Network satisfaction was associated with either loneliness or isolation among both cohorts, suggesting perceptions of social networks may be equally important as objective measures, and remain salient for loneliness and isolation throughout the life course.     

《金匮要略》竹皮大丸新解

竹皮大丸出自张仲景的《金匮要略》,历代注家对该方认识不一,多数认为该方以竹茹为君药,旨在清热除烦,安中降逆,后世临床医生常遵此法,而对原条文中记载的"安中益气"重视不够。对此,笔者基于原文,经反复研读,认为竹皮大丸与《金匮要略·血痹虚劳病》篇中的小建中汤在病机、症状、治法、方药上有诸多相似,两者乃是一脉相承,皆以甘温药物,清降阴火,但又各有特色。     

How undifferentiated arthritis evolves into chronic arthritis

Undifferentiated arthritis (UA) is a frequently occurring clinical presentation with a variable outcome. While some forms of UA will spontaneously remit, other forms will progress to chronic arthritis; an outcome that would preferably be prevented.Which immunological factors are normally at the basis of resolution of inflammation, and what, on the other hand, causes inflammation to persist? This review provides an overview of the immunological mechanisms involved in these two scenarios, including specific examples of how these mechanisms apply, or can be influenced in rheumatic diseases.Furthermore, what do we know about risk factors for chronic arthritis, such as the development of autoantibodies? The recent years have provided many insights concerning risk factors for autoantibody-positive versus autoantibody-negative rheumatoid arthritis, which are discussed along with a possible pathophysiological model incorporating autoantibodies into the larger process of disease development. Finally, the evolution of the autoantibody response over time is described.